The History of Skyscrapers

The History of Skyscrapers The principal high rises tall business structures withâ iron or steel systems occurred in the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years. The Chicago Home Insurance Building, finished in 1885, is commonly viewed as the main present day high rise, in spite of the fact that it was just 10 stories high. Afterward, taller and taller structures were made conceivable through a progression of building and designing developments, including the innovation of the main procedure to mass-produce steel. Today, the tallest high rises on the planet approach and even surpass statures of 2,000 feet. High rise History A high rise is a tall business working with an iron or steel framework. They were made conceivable because of the Bessemer procedure of large scale manufacturing of steel beams. The first current high rise was made in 1885, the 10-story Chicago Home Insurance Building.Early surviving high rises incorporate the 1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis and the 1902 Flatiron Building in New York City.â First Skyscraper: Chicago Home Insurance Building The main tall structure upheld by auxiliary steel was the Chicago Home Insurance Building, which was done in 1885. The structure was 10 stories tall and arrived at a tallness of 138 feet. Two extra stories were included 1891, carrying the tallness to 180 feet. The structure was destroyed in 1931 and supplanted with the Field Building, a significantly taller high rise with 45 stories. Early Skyscrapers <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/AzjMBJwkdPg1bcd4nuZTj8iBtGI=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-882633688-5c0f1b2d46e0fb0001e40376.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1Z-oIrPSs9nPlHNAlHZVWGotfBg=/755x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-882633688-5c0f1b2d46e0fb0001e40376.jpg 755w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/hplnK-u5tcCaARcDpcSr-sRcBfg=/1210x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-882633688-5c0f1b2d46e0fb0001e40376.jpg 1210w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Byfsl35wsNOL4zIeR-y-FuAoTMo=/2121x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-882633688-5c0f1b2d46e0fb0001e40376.jpg 2121w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/IXZ2wvvMfyd1F-6fCG_HnmselDk=/2121x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-882633688-5c0f1b2d46e0fb0001e40376.jpg src=//:0 alt=New York Taxi and Flat Iron Building, New York, United States of America class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-7 information following container=true /> The Flat Iron Building, NYC. Barry Neal/Getty Images In spite of the fact that the principal high rises were moderately little by todays norms, they denoted a significant turn in urban development and advancement. The absolute most outstanding early high rises were: Tacoma Building (Chicago): Constructed utilizing a bolted iron and steel outline, the Tacoma Building was structured by the major engineering firm Holabird Root.Rand McNally Building (Chicago): The Rand McNally Building, finished in 1889, was the principal high rise worked with an all-steel frame.The Masonic Temple Building (Chicago): Featuring business, office, and meeting space, the Masonic Temple was finished in 1892. For a period it was the tallest structure in Chicago.Tower Building (New York City): The Tower Building, finished in 1889, was the main high rise in New York City.American Surety Building (New York City): At 300 feet tall, this 20-story building broke Chicagos stature record when it was finished in 1896.New York World Building (New York City): This structure was home to the New York World newspaper.Wainwright Building (St. Louis): This high rise, planned by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, is celebrated for its earthenware veneer and ornamentation.Flatiron Building (New York City): The Flatiron Building is a triangular, steel-outline wonder that despite everything remains in Manhattan today. In 1989, it was made a National Historic Landmark. Mass Produced Steel Allows Construction of Skyscrapers <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/MjXfAfMbyBxVul8OiJ7Zo4UmNJ8=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-955127366-5c0f1a42c9e77c0001177d0e.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/RD4ZJ6KfyIgHfX309fGteoRf1kQ=/590x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-955127366-5c0f1a42c9e77c0001177d0e.jpg 590w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/AXlZtFyysDqwd4-HLuLaAGBhyys=/880x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-955127366-5c0f1a42c9e77c0001177d0e.jpg 880w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/BKoUftMJCFtQgpvjkzLtCExzU8I=/1463x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-955127366-5c0f1a42c9e77c0001177d0e.jpg 1463w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/jTV2jLPRchbpiWaDwFVH-2sYhLo=/2050x1463/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-955127366-5c0f1a42c9e77c0001177d0e.jpg src=//:0 alt=Portrait of Henry Bessemer, english creator class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-15 information following container=true /> Henry Bessemer. clu/Getty Images Development of high rises was made conceivable gratitude to Henry Bessemer, who concocted the main procedure to mass-produce steel cheaply. An American, William Kelly, had held a patent for an arrangement of air blowing the carbon out of pig iron, however chapter 11 constrained Kelly to offer his patent to Bessemer, who had been taking a shot at a comparable procedure for making steel. In 1855, Bessemer protected his own decarbonization procedure, using an impact of air. This advancement opened the entryway for developers to begin making taller and taller structures. Present day steel today is as yet made utilizing innovation dependent on Bessemers process. While â€Å"the Bessemer process† kept Bessemer’s name notable long after his demise, lesser realized today is the man who really utilized that procedure to improve the main high rise: George A. Fuller. In the nineteenth century, development strategies called for outside dividers to convey the heap of a building’s weight. Fuller, notwithstanding, had an alternate thought. He understood that structures could bear more weight-and in this manner take off higher-on the off chance that he utilized Bessemer steel shafts to give structures a heap bearing skeleton within the structure. In 1889, Fuller raised the Tacoma Building, a replacement to the Home Insurance Building that turned into the primary structure at any point constructed where the outside dividers didn't convey the heaviness of the structure. Utilizing Bessemer steel pillars, Fuller built up a strategy for making steel confines that would be utilized in resulting high rises. The Flatiron Buildingâ was one of New York Citys first high rises, worked in 1902 by Fullers building organization. Daniel H. Burnham was the central designer. Taller structures were likewise made conceivable by the creation of the electric lift in 1883, which diminished the measure of time it took to go among floors, and the development of electric lighting, which made it simpler to enlighten bigger spaces. Chicago School of Architecture A significant number of the soonest high rises were worked in a building style that came be known as the Chicago School. These steel-outline structures regularly highlighted earthenware outsides, reinforced glass windows, and point by point cornices. Modelers related with the Chicago School incorporate Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan (who structured the Old Chicago Stock Exchange Building), Henry Hobson Richardson, and John Wellborn Root. Structures in the Chicago style were worked in places as distant as Florida, Canada, and New Zealand.

Reseach methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reseach techniques - Essay Example Different structure dependability alludes to the use of comparable types of measure and connection. This estimation instrument is like test-retest unwavering quality, however in this, subjects are given the two types of measure simultaneously. Split half unwavering quality mirrors the relationship between's the two parts in a lot of things however the coefficient changes, contingent upon how the scale is part. Once in a while when more than one scale, measurement or factor is assessed then split half dependability is utilized to check the consistency (Sekaran, 2006). Ans. Wrongdoing earnestness scales are the seriousness scales that makes a decision about the reality of the wrongdoing based on loads doled out to them. There are two kinds of wrongdoing reality scales, basic rating scales and size scales. Straightforward rating scales decide the pace of the wrongdoing based on scales going from 1(not genuine) to 9 (incredibly genuine). Be that as it may, this rating scale can't decide the size contrast between the scale scores. While size scale quantifies the level of earnestness of different violations by open positioning. Selling-wolf posse file and national study of wrongdoing seriousness are the two instances of greatness scales in wrongdoing earnestness. Both these wrongdoing reality scales are utilized in criminal equity research to decide and break down the earnestness of the wrongdoing. Wrongdoing earnestness scales passes judgment on the wrongdoing level as well as aides in controlling (Wilmot, 2002). Ans. Least square relapse line is known as the best fitted line, least square line, relapse line and least square forecast condition. It speaks to a numerical model for a gathering of information. For the most part, straight relapse comprises of finding the best-fitted line through the focuses in the disperse chart. This line distinguishes the connection between a solitary indicator variable X and the reaction variable Y, while the other indicator factors are held fixed. This

Complete Guide to Customer Lifecycle Development

Complete Guide to Customer Lifecycle Development DEFINING CUSTOMER LIFECYCLE MARKETINGCustomer Lifecycle Marketing is a strategy used in e-commerce which follows customer’s quantitative and qualitative progression in relation to a brand, a product or a service. It is based on statistical records of customer’s journey during phases of the process and focused on optimizing performance of various channels and touch points of interaction. The goal is to acquire customers as well as ensure perpetual satisfactory conversion rates which depends on the ability of creating an on-flowing circle of retention and loyalty.Diverse metrics are used as tools for acquiring important information on the customers and their lifecycle progress (and we will attend to them in a separate section), however, the Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is essential for Customer Lifestyle Marketing and Development. It measures the possible profitability customers can generate through their lifecycle of interaction with a company. In other words, it measures the cur rent financial state and predicts future cash-flows from a customer. Moreover, CLV can provide information on the amounts of impact which specific marketing efforts have in diverse stages of customer lifecycle.In order to understand the Customer Lifecycle Marketing and Development, you have to understand how a customer evolves through a lifecycle with a company.LEVELS OF CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENT Modern day entrepreneurship is greatly influenced by technology. Online market has become the infinite playground for business people and consumers. However, the e-commerce has brought forward new game rules.The traditional, conversion-only based marketing techniques have to be broadened into a comprehensive customer lifecycle development in order for entrepreneurs to ensure longevity of their businesses. In this article, we will define the Customer Lifecycle Development strategy and its constituents as well as guide you through stages of customer development upon which it depends on. We will proceed to a comprehensive analysis of key elements of the process and metrics which should be employed for optimal results. Read through sections 1) Defining Customer Lifecycle Marketing; 2) Levels of Customer Development; and 3) Elements of Customer Lifestyle Development.DEFINING CUSTOMER LIFECYCLE MARKETINGCustomer Lifecycle Marketing is a strategy used in e-commerce which follows customer’s quantitative and qualitative progression in relation to a brand, a product or a service. It is based on statistical records of customer’s journey during phases of the process and focused on optimizing performance of various channels and touch points of interaction. The goal is to acquire customers as well as ensure perpetual satisfactory conversion rates which depends on the ability of creating an on-f lowing circle of retention and loyalty.Diverse metrics are used as tools for acquiring important information on the customers and their lifecycle progress (and we will attend to them in a separate section), however, the Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is essential for Customer Lifestyle Marketing and Development. It measures the possible profitability customers can generate through their lifecycle of interaction with a company. In other words, it measures the current financial state and predicts future cash-flows from a customer. Moreover, CLV can provide information on the amounts of impact which specific marketing efforts have in diverse stages of customer lifecycle.In order to understand the Customer Lifecycle Marketing and Development, you have to understand how a customer evolves through a lifecycle with a company.LEVELS OF CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENTMarketing strategies need to be segmented according to the targeted customer’s position in reference to your company. By acknowledging w hich stage are your (potential) customers in, you can employ subtle optimization strategies which will lead to satisfaction on both ends. Here we enlist main customer development levels.Prospective CustomerA prospective customer is any visitor to your channels who has not been registered officially in any wayâ€"giving personal information or purchasing something. These visitors can be interacting with your website or click on your advertisement any given number of times but until they have given some details on themselves they are regarded as prospects â€" opportunities for new customers.LeadLeads are prospective customers who performed some micro conversion in relation to your company â€" at least providing you with their e-mail address. This way they have provided you a platform of contact and nurture which can result in the purchase later on.First Time Buyer/ Single Purchase CustomerSingle purchase customers are visitors who made a purchase on one of your channels for the first t ime. They are regarded as potential repeat and loyal customers (also potential churn customers). This is the level of customer development where conversion marketing usually fades out. The goal â€" conversion, has been achieved, and that is it! However, studies show that reaching full potential of a company depends on lifecycle marketing.Repeat CustomerRepeat customers are those customers who have made more than one purchase from your company but are not yet regarded as loyal to your brand.Loyal CustomerDifferent companies have different methods and conditions in determining customer’s loyalty. A pretty simple scheme is regarding a customer who has been interacting with your channels for at least six months, has purchased something from you three or more times and has had his/her last purchase in the past x months as a loyal one. Achieving this level with your customers will ensure continuous conversion as well as advocacy of your brand loyalty.[cp_modal id=cp_id_75506] [/cp_modal]ELEMENTS OF CUSTOMER LIFESTYLE DEVELOPMENTThe first thing you should attend to in a Customer Lifestyle Development strategy is to segment your consumers according to their stages of development. All of them have different needs marketing-wise. Once you have done so, you will have to employ specific marketing methods to achieve optimal progress in the set direction. These methods are comprised in the threekey elements of Customer Lifestyle Development:AcquisitionActivationRetention1. Acquisition1.1 Acquisition GoalsThe goal of acquisition is to attract the highest possible amount of targeted visitors to a website. Targeted visitors are those who might have an interest in your products or services. Moreover, during the acquisition process, you should determine the profitability target by comparing Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) to the Cost of Customer Acquisition (CoCA). That way, especially if you are new in the entrepreneurial waters, you can attribute some of the possible negative profitability to the process of acquisition in itself â€" obtaining customers is essential in the early phases of running a business. The acquisition occurs in several subcategories (for example awareness, discovery, intent), and all should be managed both separately and as parts of a bigger whole.1.2 Acquisition Tactics InboundInbound marketing is based on the distribution of quality content online through channels like blogs, social networks, ebooks, e-mails as well as public relations and Search Engine Optimization Strategies. Entrepreneurs use these often free strategies to attract, address and grow interest in their targeted customers in a subtle manner.In case of social networks, it can broaden your circle of visitors as well as serve as a non-invasive advertising device. It is important to note that your social media acquisition process should be focused on interaction and communication and used as a platform for distribution of relevant insights in the domain of you r business. It should not, however, serve as an advertising melting pot.In case of ebooks, involve your prospects in activities upload downloadable e-books or organize webinars so as to acquire information which you can use for contacting them and interacting with them. Ask them for feedback on activities and personalize their content.For example, Barrack Obama’s marketing experts recognized the opportunities of inbound marketing, especially on the younger, online-oriented voters and created a Facebook account for his presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012. This enabled fast and vast information sharing and networking on a daily basis.OutboundOutbound acquisition tactics mainly comprise out of advertising online, on radio, the television, in the print, face-to-face and through telecommunications â€" mostly at a cost.Important here is that you show the right message to the right person and at the right time and place. Personalization goes a long way! Use behavior-based personaliz ed analytics software and extract valuable information on specific prospects and customers. This is narrowly correlated with targeting landing pages. If you use a software for location detection of a visitor, you should use the information and land the visitor to a page which contains facts and offers in reference to his/her location. Depending on the type of business you own, search for and utilize different information with the same purpose â€" maximization of customer experience.An example of efficient outbound marketing would be to create a catchy commercial or a jingle for your business and air it on radio stations which are frequently listened to by your targeted customers.ProductProduct acquisition strategies are focused on word-of-mouth marketing and achieved by going viral. Videos which reach enormous amounts of views must have an element of surprise, humor, cleverness and wit or produce a powerful emotional reaction from viewers.The Old Spice’s commercial The Man Your Ma n Could Smell Like and New Zealand Airline’s An Unexpected Briefing skyrocketed in numbers of views and proved to be extremely positively accepted among (potential) customers.Online AssetsBy upgrading performance of your online assets â€" websites, mobile sites how-to videos or guides, simple, fun and easy-to-use applications, special offers and social networking you will be able to acquire much larger amounts of prospects.Gilt, for example, increased their revenues immensely by combining photograph-oriented website, useful mobile applications and the ‘invite a friend, and both of you get 25$ of credit’ scheme.1.3 Acquisition MetricsCustomer Lifetime Value â€" CLV is the predicted total net revenue a customer will generate over the entire course of a relationship with a business.Cost of Customer Acquisition CoCA is the estimated financial cost of acquiring a customer. It includes the cost of the product or service as well as all expenses over a given period including salaries , research and marketing in reference to the potential profit.Profitability of Acquisition -The profitability of the acquisition is the relation between CoCA and the amount of revenue acquired from the customer. In Customer Lifecycle Marketing, it is also a relation between CoCa and CLV.Traffic Quantity It is important to measure traffic quantity and the duration of time spent on your channels because all of the visitors are prospects potential future customers. By employing analytical software such as Google Analytics, you can acquire data on the session during which your visitors have been actively engaged. The information can be used in the realization of micro-conversions which can lead to macro conversions and upper levels of customer development.Customer Segmentation Customer segmentation is an extremely important tool for marketing, in general. It provides essential behavioral patterns of all sorts which will determine the marketing strategy which should be used for progre ssion of customer’s lifecycle. Segmentation can be focused on the articles or services which are bought, their amount, price ranges or steps which lead to conversion. It is a tool for personalizing your approach to clients whereas behavioral analysis represents the active process of data interpretation.Cohort Analysis Cohort analysis examines behavior of your segmented groups over time. It is beneficial for total comprehension of customers’ lifecycle. In addition, it points out changes in demand and patterns as well as gives an overview of your company’s financial situation.2. Activation2.1 Activation GoalsThe goal of an activation process in Customer Lifecycle Development is to influence progression of prospects and leads to customers. It focuses on converting visitors by achieving micro conversions (such as converting a prospect into a lead by obtaining some personal information). The nurturing approach enhances engagement and moves the visitor towards a purchase (a macro c onversion).Additionally, during the activation phase and micro conversions, you should acquire information on visitors so you could contact them after their purchase and design a personalized campaign for them.2.2 Activation TacticsHere is the list of tactics which should be used in the activation process.E-mailE-mails are a great channel for leveling your visitors upwards on the customer development ladder. If visitors provide you with e-mail information, they have given you the opportunity to interact and communicate with them. Your marketing team should carefully construct a campaign according to different segments of customers -a lead customer requires different types of information and opportunities then a loyal customer. For example, a lead should be introduced with the wide scope of easily accessible, usable and reasonably-priced products and services which you can offer. On the other hand, a loyal customer should be approached with personalized information which is acquired through the duration of the relationship (perhaps renewals or upgrades of products and services the customer purchased).Content MarketingContent marketing is a wide specter of content based advertising. Basically, your job is to continuously provide relevant, useful and interactive information (in the form of a blog, a post on a website or a downloadable application) on topics which are interesting to your targeted customers. Additionally, bear in mind that your segmented customers have different interest areas, and you should attend to all of them. For example, introductory content on various products and services which you offer for potential or new customers as well as detailed usage guides for experienced customers.First Purchase Discount/First Purchase Free ShippingPeople love good deals. If you offer a discount or remove the shipping fee for the first purchase, a large percentage of ambiguous visitors will become first-time buyers. Be careful not to continuously offer deals be cause they lose their leverage in persuasion that way. You should, however, introduce them occasionally because it will make your visitors, and customers feel nurtured, and appreciated â€"acquisition is a process which occurs during the entire customer lifecycle in slightly differentiated forms.Time Limited OffersTime limited offers are also a ‘good deal’ technique and provide excellent results in new customer acquisition.Highly Targeted Landing Pages Based on Acquisition ChannelsTargeting landing pages is an extremely beneficial tool for acquisition and lifecycle marketing, in general. Different segments of customers should be approached with specific landing pages so as to provide an optimized experience for each of them. Additionally, you should adjust landing pages in reference to channels which lead to them as well as mediums which are used to approach them (mobile phones, tablets, desktops).2.3 Activation MetricsConversion Rate Conversion rate is the amount of revenue you have generated referenced by the number of visitors on your channels. If used with Customer Lifecycle Value it is a great tool for obtaining relevant data but does not show the totality of the value â€" it does not consider future converts of visitors to customers nor the potential profitability.Customer Lifecycle Value as described in acquisition metrics.Customer segmentation/Behavioral Analysis as described in acquisition metrics.Cohort Analysis as described in acquisition metrics.3. Retention and Loyalty3.1 Retention and Loyalty GoalsThe Customer Lifecycle Value becomes even more important in the stages after the first purchase. The goal is to improve average Customer Lifecycle Value in its entirety, not at a specific point. This will be achieved by advancing your first-time buyers into repeat customers by using behavioral analytics and determining what was it that caused other single purchase customers to level up to repeat customers. Further on, convert repeat customers int o loyal customers following the same principle.Moreover, goals of ensuring retention and loyalty consequently demand minimization of churn (customers who become inactive). You have to employ marketing techniques which will keep your existing customers because it will cost you up to six times more to acquire a new customer than it will to preserve the ones you already activated.3.2 Retention and Loyalty TacticsAverage Customer Lifecycle Value ImprovementSegment your customers and analyze behavioral data in order to design customized marketing campaigns which highly target them. The point is to focus on all segments according to their specific needs and possibilities of development. Offer quality and personalized approaches because a nurtured customer is a happy customer, and happy customers want to stay happy â€" retention and loyalty!For example:The 1% of your top customers provides you with the same amount of revenue as your bottom 50% together. You can define your most profitable clients by calculating Customer Lifecycle Value. The so called Hero Customers should be given special treatment in the form of exclusive access to products, individually targeted offers, invitations for membership clubs with beneficial features, prioritizing their needs and employing a highly personalized communication with them.Make sure to specifically target the Evangelists â€" individuals with a massive influence in relevant communities. They are the best ‘word of mouth’ you can wish for.Economical customers are those who hunt for discounts. Send them targeted offers occasionally so they would not churn but do not condition them to expect the good deals all the time.Some customers have a lot of dispensable income but are infrequent in purchase. Analyze their needs and behavior patterns and send them special offers.3.3 Retention and Loyalty MetricsConversion Rate â€" Conversion rate is the proportion of customers who purchased a product or a service in relation with overall v isitors (prospects or leads) to your channels.Percentage of Churn (Monthly) Churn rate represents the amount of your inactive customers â€" shows issues in marketing machine and post-sales support efficiency.Frequency of Conversion â€" Frequency of conversion is the rate of conversions of (a) particular customer/s in a specified unit of time (for example, the average sales cycle).Engagement (Micro Conversions) â€" Micro conversions are any advancement in the quality or quantity of interaction a prospect or a customer makes in relation to your business. For example, it is downloading some content which you offer on your website or providing you with some feedback in reference t a webinar you organized.Customer Lifecycle Value as described in acquisition metrics. Cohort Analysis as described in acquisition metrics. Customer Segmentation as described in acquisition metrics. In order to boost your e-commerce, you have to understand your customers and engage them according to their n eeds and desires. Online marketing is bursting with options but does not tolerate intrusive campaigns. Most people simply ignore pop-ups, they can leave a website and sign out of a group on a social network if it does not suit them any longer. In order to achieve your revenue opportunities to the fullest, you have to turn to a more holistic approach to visitors and customers. By understanding what and how they progress in relation to your company you can focus your marketing endeavors and distribute finances appropriately. The analytics of the business world coined diverse metrics which will help you in the process.All entrepreneurs have a spark of passion which they want to share with their customers. The e-commerce is an ideal platform for the complex and highly functional system Customer Lifecycle Marketing and Development based on mutual engagement and profitability.

Definition and Examples of Minimal Attachment Principle

Essay about Love and Hate in the Poems Havisham and The...

The poems Havisham and The Laboratory teach us that love and hatred are two of the most powerful yet contrasting emotions in this world. In both the poems they are loving to hate and hating to love. This means that when love is given it leaves us vulnerable , and if the love is not returned then it can turn to hate as quick as boiling water to steam. For both women in the poem have been rejected from their men mentally and physically, leaving them nothing but pain and the overwhelming desire of revengence. Both poems are written in the first person giving it a dramatic monologue. The poem; The Laboratory is about a woman who has found out that her husband has been cheating on her with another woman. She goes to the apothecary to get†¦show more content†¦And that her eyes have shrunk and her hands have ropes on the back of them that she could strangle with; which links to the theme of murder and killing. There are comparisons and contrasts in these poems. Examples are used in many different ways. Such as they both use oxymorons; Beloved sweetheart bastard and in the Laboratory on how she Loves to hate. These expressions and words are used to show how angry and how much hatred they have against there men, and what they have done too them. Also in both poems colours are used to describe the way the women are feeling. In Havisham Carol Ann Duffy describes the mans eyes as Dark green pebbles this choice of colour emphasises the anger and the violence she has in her. In the Laboratory the woman uses opposite colours to describe the way she feels; And yonder soft phial, the exquisite blue. Here she is describing the poison and the sick, twisted and insane relationship she has between it to kill her husbands woman on the side. Alliteration is also used in both poems Havisham and The Laboratory. In Havisham at the end the phrase b-b-b-breaks is used. Its not only the heart that breaks, its what rejection has done to her, and its like she is about to break down and cry. In the laboratory she uses phrases like Moisten and mash up thy paste and Pound at thy powder. These phrases are used to express the rage of anger she encounters. The two women desire different things in the poems

History of Psychological Assessment Free Essays

Psychological assessment is considered one of the most important functions in applied psychology. In psychological assessment, the practitioner uses observation, interviews, and psychological tests to gain information about the client’s personality characteristics, symptoms, and problems in order to arrive at practical decisions about their behavior. In an assessment study, the practitioner identifies the main sources of clients’ problems and attempts to predict the likely course of events under various conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Psychological Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Psychological assessment is similar to psychological testing, but usually involves a more comprehensive assessment of the individual. Psychological assessment is a process that involves the integration of information from multiple sources, such as tests of normal and abnormal personality, tests of ability or intelligence, tests of interests or attitudes, as well as information from personal interviews (www. en. wikipedia. org). Psychological assessment refers to scientific methods psychologists often use to understand the human personality. When combined with information from interviews, observations, and other sources, assessments can help clients explore new and more effective ways of resolving human problems (Cantley, 2008, p. 1). History of psychological assessment The history of psychological and educational testing is a relatively short one, extending just more than 100 years. The term mental test was first used in print in 1890 by James McKeen Cattell (1890). This history is one in which necessity repeatedly begets innovation. Problems in the French schools, during a period that could be described as the advent of public ducation, where teachers first had to deal with larger class sizes comprising students with diverse backgrounds, encouraged Alfred Binet to construct what most individuals consider to be the first modem intelligence test. I use the term modem because it is reported that Chinese society around 2200 B. C. E. was a â€Å"test-dominated society† (Thorndike Lohman, 1990, p. 1). At that time in China, various civil service positions were distributed by means of formal assessments of the skills of various, privileged applicants (Geisinger, 2000, p. 117). Exploring my selected event On our â€Å"History of Psychological Assessment Paper†, there are four different events and I chose the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a widely used personality inventory intended to uncover a subject’s unconscious attitudes; the subject indicates agreement or disagreement with various statements and the results are scored in such a way as to assess personality. (Developed at the University of Minnesota). Historical Roots of MMPI  The original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in 1939 (Groth Marnat, Handbook of Psychological Assessment, 2009) using an empirical keying approach, which means that the clinical scales were derived by selecting items that were endorsed by patients known to have been diagnosed with certain pathologies. The difference between this approach and other test development strategies used around that time was that it was atheoretical (not based on particular theory) and thus the initial test was not aligned with the prevailing psychodynamic theories of that time. The atheoretical approach to MMPI development ostensibly enabled the test to capture aspects of human psychopathology that were recognizable and meaningful despite changes in clinical theories. However because the MMPI scales were created based on a group with known psychopathologies, the scales themselves are not atheoretical by way of using the participants’ clinical diagnoses to determine the scales’ contents. Explain why the event is significant Why I think the event is significant because the MMPI-2 is most commonly used by mental health professionals to assess and diagnose mental illness. The MMPI-2 has been used in other fields outside of clinical psychology. The test is often used in legal cases, including criminal defense, and custody disputes. The test has also been used as screening instrument for certain professions, especially high risk jobs, although the use of MMPI in this manner has been controversial. The test is also used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment programs, including substance abuse programs is why I think that the even is important. How has MMPI affected the development of psychological testing in the 21st century? I do not think that MMPI will affect the development of psychological testing in the 21st century because Kaplan and Saccuzzo (2009) stated that, â€Å"In structured personality testing, the MMPI-2 appears destined to be the premier test of the 21st century. This favorable prediction for MMPI-2 is a turn-about from the 1982 prediction made in the first edition of this book. We had not anticipated the innovative approach of Butcher and colleagues in dealing with the original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory’s inadequate normative sample. Thus, future prospects for the MMPI-2 are indeed bright (p. 602). Summary Psychological assessment is one of the most important and complex activities undertaken by clinical psychologists. The goals of psychological assessment include describing the individual’s symptoms, identifying possible causes, evaluating the severity of the problem, and exploring the individual’s personal resources, which might be valuable in the decisions to be made. The future of psychological testing depends on many issues and developments. Professional issues include theoretical concerns, such as the usefulness of the trait concept as opposed to index of adjustment, the adequacy of tests, and actuarial versus clinical prediction. Moral issues include human rights such as the right to refuse testing, the right not to be labeled, and the right to privacy (Kaplan Saccuzzo, 2009, p. 603). How to cite History of Psychological Assessment, Essay examples

Accounting conceptual framework Essay Example For Students

Accounting conceptual framework Essay Outline1 Question 1 ( A )2 Question 1 ( B )3 Question 1 ( C )4 Question 1 ( D )5 Question 2 Question 1 ( A ) There are a batch of intents of an accounting conceptual model. The chief intent of fiscal describing under this accounting conceptual model is non to assist direction to do determinations, or calculate nonexempt income and etc. ( Alexander A ; Nobes, 2007 ) However, the intent of accounting conceptual model is act as a model for puting accounting criterions. It act as a guideline to the Board in developing accounting criterions, yet is besides as a usher to deciding accounting issues which is non stated straight in an International Accounting Standard or International Financial Reporting Standard or Interpretation. Besides, harmonizing to Arnold A ; Hope the intent of conceptual model is to assist to cut down the influence of personal prejudices and political force per unit areas on accounting judgements. Other than that, the intent is to cut down cost of analysis and aid to decide accounting differences. Other than that, it identifies the qualitative feature that make information in fiscal statement useful and it provides constructs of capital care therefore it aid to increase the user assurance will fix and show the fiscal study which all information needed had clarify clearly. So, an accounting conceptual model chief intent is to steer the criterion compositors when they are composing or revising accounting criterion. ( Alexander A ; Nobes, 2007 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.accaglobal.com/archive/sa_oldarticles/13202 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iasplus.com/standard/framewk.htm Question 1 ( B ) One of the feature is relevancy, the information in the IASB model must be relevant to it aim so that the information would be utile to the user. This is because ; the information in the model is to assist the users to do better economic determinations. By supplying relevancy information in the balance sheet and income statement, the users could measure the base on balls and nowadays or future events of corroborating or rectifying their base on balls rating based on the future net hard currency influxs. For illustration, the information would be out of day of the month due to it printing one time a twelvemonth, therefore the dependability of the information would be slow down and it would impact the users or investor determination. Other so relevancy, dependability is besides need in the IASB Framework. In order for the information to be utile the information must be dependable and must be possible for user to depend on it to do better determination. It must be free from mistake and prejudice and must be faithful representation of the real- universe economic phenomena. This is because to avoid the users of fiscal statement being misled by the contents of the statement, such as dealing, assets and liabilities should be shown in such manner as to stand for every bit good as possible what underlies them. For illustration, a balance sheet should non demo an point under the header of liability unless it meets the definition of a liability. So, in order to be faithful representation it requires completeness, non subordinating substance to organize, and neutrality. Besides, a faithful representation of a dealing is merely possible if the minutess and other events are accounted for a presented in harmonizing with their substance and economic world non simply their legal signifier. ( BPP, 2008 ) In other words, it means that if one party sells of the assets to another party, the gross revenues papers may enter that legal ownership has been transferred. However, if the understanding exist the party sold off the plus and go oning basking the future economic benefit from the plus so the substance over signifier has non taken topographic point. For an illustration, if an entity sold of the machine to the other party, and instantly leaseback for use for most of it life. Neutrality needs to be taken topographic point in order for the information to be dependable. The information must liberate from prejudice if non it will act upon the user to do a judgements or determination for future use. On the other manus, comprehensibility is besides one of the qualitative features of fiscal information that presently included in IASB model. The information in the fiscal statement should be easy apprehensible for the internal users and the external user. The users of fiscal statements are assumed to hold some concern, economic and accounting cognition and able to analyze the information decently. Harmonizing to BPP, complex affairs should non be left out of fiscal statement merely due to its trouble if is relevant information. Therefore, relevant information should non be excluded due to it is excessively complex or to hard for users to understand and the model should include the givens on the capablenesss of fiscal statements users and besides the capableness of fiscal statement preparers and hearers. ( IASB.ORG, 2005 ) The Cuban Missile Crisis EssayTherefore, it is acceptable to go from an accounting criterion, if the entity follow the full measure and supply information which is required. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.faqs.org/abstracts/Business/True-and-Fair-Rules-Some-Australian-Observations-Setting-accounting-standards-some-lessons-from-the-.html # ixzz0g9THEAMR Question 2 There are many issues that are raised during the procedure of harmonisation of accounting criterion. During the harmonisation procedure several issues arise like different in civilization, political relations, economic system and sociological behaviour, deficiency of strong accounting and etc. One of the issues had risen is there is different intent of fiscal coverage for different state. In some states the fiscal intent is for revenue enhancement appraisal while in other states their intent is for investor decision-making. Therefore when harmonising the accounting criterion this issue risen. For illustration, largely states like Malaysia their fiscal intent is for investor decision-making therefore it did non impact these states much but it affected other states which their fiscal intent is for revenue enhancement appraisal. At the same clip, during the procedure of harmonisation the patriotism issues originate. Some states are unwilling to accept other s state system and replace their ain accounting ordinance while some states are wary of yielding control of their accounting ordinance to foreigners. Besides, the other issues arise is there is different demands and deficiency of strong accounting organic structures in developing states. ( BPP, 2008 ) State like Malaysia i s during the underdeveloped phase evidently is behind the standard scene procedure and deficiency of strong independent accounting could press for better criterion of harmonisation. At the same clip, another issue is the different demands of the big multinationals and smaller concern entities in devolving state prevent the procedure of harmonisation arise excessively. There is other issues originate every bit good as there is different user groups could hold different demands in different states. Different states have different thoughts about their several importance. For illustration, in USA the investors and creditor groups are more importance to them while in Europe they enjoy a higher net income. ( BBP, 2008 ) . Furthermore, due to there is different civilization in different state therefore the other issue arises which the aim for accounting system go different differing from one state to another state. In my point of position I agree with merely one accounting criterion for all states. This is because is will be easier for comptrollers to fix the fiscal statement as there is merely one manner of readying for fiscal study. Besides, it will be easier for the comparison of international fiscal information, as the internal users could compare their net income with their rival. Besides, it besides will cut down the audit costs this is because the comptroller could salvage cost as they do nt necessitate to hypertext transfer protocol: //www.echeat.com/essay.php? t=26969 Harmonization would salvage clip and money that is presently spent to consolidate divergent fiscal information when more than one set of studies is required to follow with the different national Torahs or pattern.

August Revolution 1945 free essay sample

The August Revolution, also called the August General Uprising (and known in the West as the Vietnamese Revolution) by the Indochinese Communist Party, was a revolution in Vietnam. On August 19, 1945, the Vi? t Minh under H? Chi Minh began a revolution against French colonial rule in Vietnam. From August 19 onwards, demonstrations and uprisings against French rule broke out in cities and towns throughout Vietnam. Given Japan had surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II, the Japanese forces in Indochina stepped aside and allowed nationalist groups to take over public buildings in most of the major cities. While the Japanese allowed the nationalist groups free run of the country, they kept former French officials imprisoned. At the time, the Vietminh were being provided with minor supplies by the United States to fight the Japanese. Main cause of the revolution and some first moves Vietnam was a French colony from the mid 19th century, exploited for its raw materials and cheap labour by the French monopolies. We will write a custom essay sample on August Revolution 1945 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Under French rule, illiteracy rose by 80 per cent. While 6000-7000 local landlords and colonialists owned vast holdings of the best land, half the peasant majority were landless, and the rest owned tiny plots. Industrial development was retarded by colonial rule. But a small working class developed in industry, the mines, and transport. Despite severe repression, workers and peasants began to engage in struggle against the harsh conditions forced upon them and for national liberation. It was from within this movement that the Indochinese Communist Party was formed in 1930 under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh. Although this Party had strong local roots and considerable mass support, it was critically influenced by developments in the Soviet Union where many of its leaders had been trained, and to which it looked for guidance and support. The Communist International, to which the Vietnamese CP belonged, was born after the Russian revolution as an instrument to further the struggle of workers worldwide for democracy and socialism. Discriminatory restrictions imposed by the French administration had effectively debarred the Vietnamese from entering industry, finance and commerce. National capitalist development was restricted to money-lending and the landlord class. This class tended to take out French citizenship and send their children to French schools. They were loyal supporters of colonial rule. The policies of the Communist International received their first serious test in Vietnam with the coming to power of a Popular Front government in France in 1936. This was a government of class-compromise in which the Socialist and Communist Parties joined, or supported, a coalition with so-called progressive bourgeois forces against the menace of Fascism. The CP was following in fact foreign policy of Stalin (leader of the Soviet Union) which, from the mid-1930s, sought alliances with anti-German capitalist powers, in particular French imperialism. The accession in France of a government including the CP encouraged the masses in Vietnam. There was an upsurge in the struggle and organisation of the working class. But the class-collaborationist Popular Front had no intention of liberating the colonies, or indeed of major colonial reform. Trade unions continued to be banned, and workers leaders jailed including the Communist Nguyen Van Tao. The French Colonial minister, a member of the reformist Socialist Party, telegraphed to Vietnam that French order must reign in Indo-china as elsewhere. What was the response of the Communist Party leadership in Vietnam? The slogans Down with imperialism! and Confiscate the land of the big landowners! were temporarily withdrawn. The two-stage theory was based on the false idea that the national bourgeoisie would struggle for independence against imperialism. But policies of class compromise, once begun, know no stages. In slavish obedience to Stalinist policies of class compromise in Europe, the Vietnamese CP was now compromising with†¦the imperialist bourgeois and the feudal landlords! The CP Councillors on the Saigon city municipal council eventually voted in favour of taxes for national defence taxes for colonial suppression. After all had not Stalin told the French Prime Minister Pierre Laval in 1935 that he understood and approved completely the policy of national defence of France? with the outbreak of World War Two in September 1939 all the workers parties were made illegal and severe repression launched. Ta Thu Thau and Tran Van Thach were imprisoned along with many others on the infamous island concentration camp of Poulo Condor, where prisoners were kept like animals in tiny underground cages. In 1940 the armies of Japanese imperialism occupied Vietnam. France had fallen to the Nazis and for most of the war the Japanese allowed the collaborationist Vichy regime to govern Vietnam. As the war drew to a close, however, they decided the French administration could not be relied on, and replaced it with a puppet government headed by the former Vietnamese Emperor Bao Dai. In May 1941 the Vietminh (League for the Independence of Vietnam) was formed on the initiative of the Communist Party, and launched a guerrilla war against the Japanese from bases near the Chinese border in the rural north. By 1945 conditions had become desperate for the mass of people. Famine ravaged the north of the country, killing an estimated 2 million people while the Japanese exported rice to feed their troops. When Japan surrendered to the Allied powers in August 1945 the stage was set for a massive social explosion. Throughout the south, but particularly in Saigon, Peoples Committees equivalent to Soviets sprang up and began to take over. Peasants seized land from the landlords, and workers took control of factories. The prospects for the formation of a democratic socialist state could not have been better. For this to have been established it was necessary for the existing state machine to be smashed, and the peoples committees to become linked together into a new democratic state power, based on the working class. But the leadership of the CP was imbued with the spirit of class collaboration implicit in the two stage theory. This was reflected in the class composition of the party. An internal party report was later to disclose that only one in thirteen of its members in key positions were workers, and less than 20% were peasants. The vast majority were intellectuals and members of the urban middle class. Above all the party leadership feared the independent movement of the masses, particularly the working class influenced by Trotskyist ideas. In the rural north the CP dominated Vietminh declared independence on September 2 in Hanoi but, in line with the two stage theory, on the basis of a firmly bourgeois constitution modelled on the American Declaration of Independence. The government included members of the right-wing nationalist party Quoc Dan Dang. Indeed, Ho Chi Minh even obtained the Imperial gold seal of office and ruby-encrusted sword from the discredited puppet leader Bo Dai, and appointed him Supreme Political Adviser! In the south, on August 21, after mass demonstrations by workers in Saigon, a provisional Central Committee for the Peoples Committees was established. Most of the political parties came together to form a United National Front. A situation of dual power, as had existed after the February revolution in Russia, was arising. The CP was relatively weak in the more economically developed south with its more militant working class. Desperate to control the situation, it allied itself with the right wing of the UNF. The revolution begins On August 23 at 5 am, in a conscious attempt to bypass the Peoples Committees, the CP seized power by means of a coup. It used the prestige of the Vietminh to give itself mass credibility, and pressurised various bourgeois nationalist leaders to enter a coalition government called the Committee of the South. This CP-led government immediately set out to crush the mass movement. CP leader Nguyen Van Tao declared: Those who incite the peasants to take over the estates will be severely and mercilessly punished Our government, I repeat, is a democratic and middle-class government, even though the Communists are now in power. The working class had created a number of workers militias to defend the revolution. In Saigon these came together to form a Workers Guard under Trotskyist leadership. This was viewed with horror by the CP leaders. Those who incite the people to take up arms will be considered as saboteurs and provocateurs, enemies of national independence, they screamed. Instead, they declared: Our democratic liberties will be guaranteed by our democratic allies. Who were these democratic allies? In pursuit of their own imperialist interests, the Allied powers had fought against Nazi Germany on the same side as Russia. But this did not mean that the imperialists had turned into guarantors of democracy as the Russian bureaucracy maintained. Yet this was the position uncritically accepted by the leadership of the Vietnamese CP. It was these imperialist powers that the Stalinist bureaucracy labelled democratic allies and whose occupation of Vietnam the Vietnamese CP leadership slavishly supported. Thus, instead of carrying forward the struggle for a new workers state, the CP leadership collaborated in propping up the colonial state machine resting now on Allied armies, rather than the Japanese. From September 12, British troops, mostly Indian Gurkhas, commanded by General Gracey started to arrive. They were greeted with demonstrations organised by the Vietminh with the slogan (in English) Welcome to the Allies! The Vietminh even turned over their own headquarters to the British forces. The Peoples Committees denounced the Vietminh collaboration with the British forces. As a result, on September 14 the Vietminh police chief and Communist Party stalwart Duong Bach Mai, sent an armed detachment to where the Peoples Committees were meeting in assembly. They broke it up, tearing down the red flags that bedecked its assembly rooms, destroying its records, and arresting and imprisoning its leaders. But, despite CP assistance in crushing a popular movement, General Gracey did not share their illusions in class-compromises. As he later remarked: I was welcomed on arrival by the Vietminh. I promptly kicked them out. He closed down the press, banned demonstrations, and declared martial law. On September 22 British troops were sent to take over the Saigon jail. They disarmed the Vietnamese guards, released the French troops imprisoned there, and rearmed them. Together the British and French took over the key installations in the city, ousted the Vietnamese government from the Saigon town hall and arrested its leaders. Thus did Vietnams four-week old independence come to an end. By dawn of September 23 the coup was complete. The French troops engaged in an orgy of violence against any Vietnamese they could find. There were, as a British reporter, Tom Driberg (later a Labour MP) described it disgraceful scenes of vengeance. The masses responded magnificently to the attempt to re-impose colonial rule. An insurrection followed and most of Saigon was taken over by the workers. Mass demonstrations rocked the city, the market was burned down and barricades erected. Power plants and the radio station were attacked and a general offensive launched against the imperialist forces. Faced with revolution, General Gracey then rearmed the Japanese troops! Indeed in the battles that followed the Japanese sustained more casualties than the Allied forces combined. With a leadership determined to establish a workers democracy the Vietnamese workers and peasants could have issued a fraternal class appeal to the ranks of the troops fighting against them and split and paralysed the enemy forces. The collapse of fascism at the end of the war had an enormous radicalising effect on workers the world over, and this mood infected the war-weary troops of all nations. Moreover General Graceys troops were Indian Gurkhas who could not fail to have been affected by the struggle for independence in India which was then approaching victory. They were particularly incensed by the re-arming of  the Japanese troops: military documents record that this policy was carried out outrageous as it seemed to all the ranks at the time. A clear class appeal to these troops would undoubtedly have had a tremendous impact. An indication of the potential that existed for such a class-based appeal was offered by the example of the Japanese forces, who at the end of the war began to disintegrate on class lines. This process was described by the historian Vu Ngu Chien: Some Japanese leaned towards the Vietminh, releasing Communist prisoners, providing weapons to the Vietminh front, and even offering their services to the local Vietminh forces. Others, including the military commanders, wanted to use their forces to support Kims government (the Vietnamese puppet government) and to crush the Etsumei [Vietminh]. Instead the Vietminh leadership, still trying to hold back the mass struggle, negotiated a cease-fire in early October. This merely allowed the French to bring in more troops. When the cease-fire broke down the imperialist forces launched an offensive with unqualified savagery, attacking combatants and civilians alike a harsh precursor of American strategy 20 years later. The British command issued the following directive: We may find it difficult to distinguish friend from foe. Always use the maximum force available to ensure wiping out any hostiles we may meet. If one uses too much no harm is done. The Vietnamese workers fought heroically with the meagre resources at their disposal, attacking the docks, airport, and Allied bases, using spears and poisoned arrows in some cases impressing even the experienced Allied troops with their courage and daring. They were met with mortars and field-guns in an indiscriminate slaughter. Officially 2700 Vietnamese were killed, though the real figure was many times higher. While the workers were battling desperately to defend the revolution, the main concern of the CP leadership was to eliminate all opposition to themselves. Foremost among their targets were the Trotskyists who had consistently opposed their incorrect policies. Even during the World War the CP, branding the Trotskyists in the words of Ho Chi Minh as stooges of the fascists, had shown no qualms in collaborating with the French against the Trotskyist movement. In 1941 it had betrayed 15 activists to the authorities leading to their arrest. Now the CP leaders set up honourable squads with the honourable task of exterminating anyone who opposed them. The leadership of the Struggle group, meeting to co-ordinate military action against the French, were surrounded by one of these groups, arrested, and then shot. Among the murdered was Tran Van Thach, released only a few weeks earlier from Poulo Condor. Ta Thu Thau, the other leading Trotskyist, had gone to the north of the country to help organise famine relief. Ellen Hammer, an American writer, described what happened on his return. On orders from Hanoi he was arrested on the way. He was tried three times by local Peoples Committees and acquitted each time. But Tran Van Giau [the CP leader], ruthless in the pursuit of power, reportedly felt that his position in the South was being threatened by Ta Thaus popularity. He seems to have served a sort of ultimatum on the Vietminh Central Committee in Hanoi either himself or Thau and Hanoi gave way. Ta Thu Thau was killed in Quang Ngai, Annam, on the orders of Tran Van Giau. Thau had been a leader of workers in China in the abortive uprising of the Canton Commune of 1927 in China, and had survived its defeat by counter-revolutionary troops. He spent years in prison including six years in Paulo Condor, where torture had left him partially paralysed. He had been elected to the Saigon Municipal Council and the Cochin China Colonial Council on several occasions. While on the one hand murdering this workers leader, the CP leaders were on the other hand desperately trying to appease the imperialist powers. A few months later Ho Chi Minh commented on the death of Thau: He was a great patriot and we mourn him All those who do not follow the line which I have laid down will be broken. What was this line? In November 1945 the CP voluntarily disbanded itself! The declaration it issued took the two-stage theory to its logical conclusion. In order to complete the Partys tasks in this immense movement of the Vietnamese peoples emancipation a national union conceived without distinction of class or parties is an indispensable factor. It further emphasised that it was always disposed to put the interests of the country above that of the clases But even the defence of national independence was impossible once this struggle was consciously divorced from the struggles of the working class and poor peasantry. This was soon to be shown, disastrously, in practice. At this time the French had no troops in the north, and the French commander Leclerc was quite candid about his weakness: We never intended to launch an armed conquest of North Indochina To do that we would need forces much stronger than those we now have. The results But Leclerc played on the weakness shown by the class-compromising CP leadership. He proposed an agreement to the Vietminh, which they signed in March 1946, whereby Vietnamese independence in the French Union was recognized in return for allowing French troops to occupy the North! When the agreement was announced, the Vietnamese people were stunned. Ho Chi Minh, speaking to a mass meeting in Hanoi, was forced to plead with his audience, I swear to you I have not sold you out. Independence in the French Union meant nothing less than continued colonial rule. The agreement simply allowed the French time to reinforce their forces, and re-impose colonial rule north and south effectively. The March agreement was repeatedly violated by the French, and broke down completely in November when the French bombarded the port of Haiphong, killing 6000 people according to official estimates though the real figure was nearer 20000. The French began a general rout of the Vietminh, who whilst Ho Chi Minh pathetically petitioned the Allied powers, the Pope, and others were forced to retreat underground and into the countryside to start what was to be a 30 year guerrilla war for the recovery of national independence. Although the main responsibility for the defeat of the 1945 Vietnamese revolution rested with the Vietnamese CP leaders, the leaders of the working class in Britain and France also played a shameful role. In Britain there was a Labour government headed by Clement Attlee. Before the war Attlee had written that the Labour Party is of course opposed to imperialism, whether in its old or new form. Yet the 1945 Labour government agreed to the British occupation of South Vietnam, confining itself to ordering General Gracey: Sole mission: disarm the Japanese. Do not get involved in keeping order. However it was typical reformist blindness to expect public-school and Sandhurst-trained officers to betray their loyalty to their class and imperialism. Gracey went ahead to keep order, i. e. crush the revolution and was unhindered by the Labour government. Attlee was reduced to reassuring Labour critics that you may be certain that the government is carrying out the principles for which it has always stood. Right-wing Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin made no secret as to where he stood. He commended the close and friendly cooperation between British and French commanders, and spoke on behalf of the liberal attitude on the part of the French government. If the Labour Party leadership in Britain tacitly supported imperialism, the role of the French Communist Party leadership was even more reactionary. The post-war agreements between Stalin and the Western powers had put France into the Western sphere of influence. Despite the fact that the Communist Party in France could have taken power after the war and carried through socialist revolution its policy, following Stalins line, was not to challenge capitalism. It became part of a coalition similar to the Popular Front of 1936 and with a similar role. Without criticism from the CP, this class-collaborationist government effectively supported the re-colonisation of Vietnam! A report prepared for the Vietnamese Communists by the French CP advised them to be sure that their struggle meets the requirements of Soviet policy. It warned that any premature adventures in Vietnamese independence might not be in line with Soviet perspectives, and urged a policy of patience. This was two days after the British-engineered coup deposed the Vietminh government, and launched the savage reprisals by the French forces that followed! Later the French CP leader Maurice Thorez, a vice premier in the government, remarked to a Vietnamese delegation that the Communist party under no circumstances wished to be considered the eventual liquidator of the French position in Indo-China and that he ardently wished to see the French flag fly over all corners of the French Union. Unbelievably in 1945 and 1946 the Communist Party MPs in France repeatedly voted for the military budget which included funds especially earmarked for French troops in Vietnam; opposed Socialist party attempts to reduce the budget; and supported sending congratulations to the French Expeditionary corps in December 1946 after it had bombarded Haiphong! Eight years of war followed before the French were defeated in 1954. Then after the Vietminh granted disastrous concessions in the subsequent settlement which perpetuated the partitioning of the country another 20 years of war followed against US imperialism and its puppets in the south before capitalism and landlordism were overthrown throughout Vietnam. These struggles will always be an inspiration to socialists everywhere. Yet even today, despite the substantial social gains of land reform and nationalization of industry, the Vietnamese people have had to pay for the defeat of a workers revolution in 1945 in the rule of a privileged Stalinist bureaucracy, implacably hostile to workers democracy, And fighting wars against similar bureaucracies in China and Kampuchea in pursuit of their national self-interest. The record of the CP leadership in the defeated 1945 revolution will fill every socialist fighter with resolve that the disastrous Stalinist policies of two-stageism and Popular Frontism must be rooted out of the workers movement internationally, in order to prepare for the victory of workers democracy and socialism in the new and greater battles that lie ahead.

Free speech or Not Free speech- that is the Question essays

Free speech or Not Free speech- that is the Question essays Free speech or Not Free speech- that is the Question Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. In the United States of America we are gifted with twenty seven amendments. The first of these inherent rights is freedom of speech. Such gifts deserve to be treated with responsibility and gratitude by citizens who appreciate its benefits. However, some people abuse this right when they use sexual, racist, and prejudicial slurs addressing others with hurtful words such as fag and bitch,Unfortunately, such degrading terms are now commonly used in our society (Hate). These very people who claim first amendment rights for racial and sexual epithets are abusing and disrespecting it. The abusers of the First Amendment harm innocent citizens. Bullying,, specifically verbal bullying, is widespread in American schools. Statistics show more than 29 percent of O.S. school children state that they had been bullied (Bullying). This creates an intimidating and hostile environment for the student. As awareness of harassment, intimidation and hate in the school setting has grown, state legis latures have begun to address this problem as well. At least 16 states have passed anti-bullying laws, and similar measures were considered in 23 states in the 2001-2002 legislative sessions. Currently, 14 legislatures are considering bills that address the issue of bullying (Tackling). It is not enough, for only 16 states have these laws in place. Each state in this country needs to have anti-harrasment laws. As I will demonstrate here, it is necessary and critical that each state has anti-bullying laws in place. The dilemma is when these laws may be in conflict with first amendment rights. ...

Gold Rush - Different Racial Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gold Rush - Different Racial Groups - Essay Example by white, non-English-speaking Europeans, and then, in a descending order, men and women whose skin became progressively darker and habits progressively different from the white man’s: the Mexicans, the Indians, the Chinese. Without much thought or effort on their part, Anglo men established their dominance over California by systematically asserting themselves over others. Of course, the major motivation of those in California at this time was the desire to strike it rich. Although some people did just this, there was only a finite amount of wealth to be uncovered, leaving most men few options for increasing their status. Racism, codifying the differences between themselves and others, was one way to raise perceived power in a landscape where men were often at odds with, and at the mercy of, an environment over which they had very little control. Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush by Susan Lee Johnson, demonstrates how life was different for white men, and how they acted to maintain their superiority in California. Theirs was a world where status had already been shaken up. Due to the scarcity of white women and the need for some means of support, many men found themselves employed in positions that back east would only have gone to girls. They eased the stigma of such labor by assuring themselves that such work was still manly, and by setting themselves above those of other races and cultures. They categorized the French as â€Å"dainty (small, little, diminutive)† (Johnson 118). Mexican men were seen as â€Å"‘lazy Greasers’ in ‘dirty Zerapes’† (Johnson 123) while Mexican women existed solely for the purpose of cooking and being ogled. Native Americans were afforded even less respect, and white men could murder them with impunity, with their killers â€Å"posing as heroes† (Bibby 54). â€Å"Systematic harassment† (Johnson 125) of the Chinese forced some men out of the mines, where white men wanted to work. Language was an

Business Research and Professional Skill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Research and Professional Skill - Essay Example This is effectively achieved by ways of in themselves creating this very economy of scale; expanding business operations helps them lower the marginal cost of production allowing them to therefore provide a favorable pricing policy within the market. In achieving the aforementioned, firms must build up capacity. The attention of managers-and researchers alike-has been commonly directed towards assets in the sense of physical (fixed and current) and monetary assets (optimal capital structure) of the firm in achieving this objective. Perhaps as an oversight or of limited interest is the aspect of human resource and its contribution towards this end. Human resource policies usually come into light when matters of corporate governance and ethics in business practice are highlighted; and rightly so. A need therefore presents itself to examine whether the scope of human resource policies extend beyond the limited precincts of governance and organizational culture into its influence on capacity building in medium size manufacturing firms aiming to move to the next level of operations. Organizational culture is created for through the organizations core values as stated within the company’s vision, mission and objectives (VMO) clause. The determination of this clause is restricted within the periphery of strategic decision makers involving the top level management (also referred to as C-level management since their usually have a prefix chief in their title for example chief executive officer, chief finance officer, chief marketing director and so on, so forth ). It is this organizational culture that provides identity to the firm within the public, thereby, distinguishing it from other organizations and by extension, their products in the market. Therefore, this research aims at exploring the efficacy of the human resource policies employed as far as the managerial effect contributes to the performance of

Importance of Community Health

Importance of Community Health Holly Bolick When it comes to healthcare and management, community health serves as a critical piece of the puzzle. Public or community health can be defined in a myriad of ways. In general, it is the portion of healthcare focused on protecting and improving the health of the whole population, which could be seen as entire country or a small town (CDC Foundation, 2017, para. 2). Community health proves to be a vital and necessary component of quality healthcare across the globe. While this definition is easily understood, one must also appreciate how community health differs from personal health. While personal health focuses on the individual, public health places emphasis on the health of a group as a whole. In other words, community health speaks to a broad realm of healthcare, while personal health has a more narrow concentration all the way down to a precise being. All of this is important to understand in regard to community health and public health assessments. Public Health Assessments A key way that public health is continually evaluated is through community health assessments. Definitively speaking, a community or public health assessment is meant to serve as an ongoing improvement process that functions to identify community wide health problems along with policy formation, execution of a solution, and evaluation (NACCHO, 2016, para. 1). This is a way for individuals to analyze if certain new changes or policies that involve community health are actually working. Public health assessments have many advantages. Not only do assessments help communities identify major health problems specific to a particular area, but they can also aid in identifying possible ways to address those problems. Each distinct community has different health issues and different resources to combat those issues. With that being said, it is important that all communities take part in public health assessments. Through data and research, it has also been found that community health improvement plans and health assessments lead to better public health actions and improved decision making (Rabarison, Timsina, Mays, 2015, p. 2526). Better health choices made by the public is the ultimate goal of community health assessments, therefore, their benefits, when done correctly, are excessive. Although the advantages are great, disadvantages are also possible. Unfortunately, many resources needed for accurate health assessments are limited, as well as the resources to implement change. In addition to this, when public health assessments are performed, sometimes changes need to be made. For example, if a public health assessment was conducted in a local area on chemicals in paint and they found a certain chemical needed to be eradicated in all types of paint, then this finding would cause some animosity. People who have used the certain paint would become upset and want to know what to do and businesses that made or sold the paint might face financial loss. While the assessment was necessary and the finding will eventually result in healthier paint, the initial stun of the discovery will be seen as an inconvenience. Even so, these assessments are necessary to the health of the community. Public Policy The overall purpose of a public health assessment is to identify a health problem and changes that need to be made in order to fix that problem. From these assessments that are implemented, public policy can be formed. Sometimes these policies can be established on a community level, while others may be state and federal mandated. The leader of a community may introduce a specific policy about smoking in public places, while the federal government may create a policy school lunches in response to childhood obesity. Either way, the information and data obtained from public health assessments is utilized to best create a policy that would target the problem and hopefully begin to eradicate it. Health Concerns and Legislations A major health concern in the United States that continues to be addressed today is that of smoking. While there are not any federal legislations specific to smoking in public places, there are many other laws that affect smoking in general and their sales. These legislations do work toward improving public health. With that being said, certain states do have laws restricting the use of tobacco in public places such as restaurants, parks, and so on. One recent federal legislation that stands out is the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. It is controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and requires warning labels on tobacco products, requires tobacco companies to submit necessary information to the FDA, forbids flavored tobacco products, and more (HHS.gov, 2017, para. 17). This legislation has already impacted every community in the United States. Warning labels for cigarettes are detailed and graphic. Advertisements for tobacco products are limited and controlled. Tobacco is now seen for all its detrimental effects instead of a typical pastime like it was in previous decades. The issue of smoking and how it affects the general public is continually being researched. America has had much progress in this area, but still has a long way to go. One can be certain that legislations in regards to smoking in order to benefit the public will continue to be made. Conclusion Public health is a subject that seems to be rising in importance in todays world. It has been found that the health of the general community as a whole does make a difference when it comes to individual health. With that being said, public health assessments help to identify concerns and address what could be done to fix them. These assessments can lead to community wide changes, as well as new federal legislations. It is important to be aware of public health concerns and why these assessments are so important. References CDC Foundation. (2017). Retrieved February 12, 2017, from https://www.cdcfoundation.org/content/what-public-health NACCHO. (2016). Community Health Assessment and Improvement Planning. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from http://www.naccho.org/programs/public-health-infrastructure/community-health-assessment?p=chachipgeneral HHS.gov. (2017). Laws/Policies. Retrieved February 14, 2017, from https://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/laws/ Rabarison, K. M., Timsina, L., Mays, G. P. (2015). Community Health Assessment and Improved Public Health Decision-Making: A Propensity Score Matching Approach. American Journal Of Public Health, 105(12), 2526-2533. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302795

Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay

On August 6 1945 the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and the second one was dropped at Nagasaki on 9th August 1945. The atomic bomb pelted on Japan was initially intended to force the Germans into submission but after the Germany surrendered, Japan was left as the threat to world peace. (John F. P. 56) The Hiroshima Bomb which was uranium based killed 100,000 Japanese and left several thousands dying slowing as a result of radiation. After three days, another atomic bomb was dropped at Nagasaki city, which left around 50,000 dead (P. M. S, Blackett 70) The justification for these mass killings was that it would end the war faster and thereby making it unnecessary to invade Japan. According to Byres, such an invasion could save a million people and therefore it was desirable. Was the atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Genocide Yes indeed it was. My opinion is based on the following premises: First, by August 1945 the Japan military was in a desperate state. The Naval blockade of the Allies had taken away a fleet of ships with military supplies and weapons from Japan military, without these the Japan Military was weak and could not survive for long. (Matin Z. ) According to a detailed opinion survey of the leaders of Japan who survived the atrocities, Japan would have inevitably surrendered probably before November 1945 without the threat of an atomic bomb or even without Russia threatening to join the war against Japan. (Gar Alperovitz, 34) Yet the American leaders knew all this information that had been successfully deciphered from the code and messages sent by Japanese military. The American leaders were well aware that Japanese authority had communicated to its Moscow ambassador to start negations for ending the war with the allies and the all-powerful Japanese emptor had indicated intentions of considering peace settlement by June 1945. Even after the American intelligence informed this message to president Truman, he did not change his mind about launching a bomb attack on Japan. (Gar Alperovitz, 37) After all the Japanese had only one condition for them to surrender; that is the Emperor who was a holy symbol to the Japanese should remain in power even after the end of the war. This was a small condition for America to sacrifice against the lives and property that lay at stake if a bomb was launched on Japan. (Gar Alperovitz, 38) The statement by President Truman that the world should note that the first bomb was launched on Hiroshima Military base to avoid the killings of civilian was sarcastic since all most all of those killed in the bombings of the two cities were civilian, according to a report by U. S strategic Bombing survey. Both innocent children and women were killed rather than the military personnel, which amounts to the infringement against human rights and a genocide of the highest order. (M. Susan Lindee 13) The destruction of the two cities is condemned not only by Japanese and other outsiders but by high rank military and conservative leaders from America itself as well. Former president Herbert Hoover himself wrote that the indiscriminate killing of young children and women â€Å"revolted his soul†. Former President Eisenhower had even advised the secretary of war against using an atomic bomb on Japan during a certain meeting. These and many more leaders as well as civilian Americans have continued to criticize the action taken by General Grove and are on the view that that the military attack was unnecessary and exaggerated. (Matin Z. ) An ambitious and domineering Admiral Purnell who suggested that it would take two bombs to coerce the Japanese to surrender by and large carried out the idea of a second atomic bomb being dropped on Nagasaki. Grove was well aware that two atomic bombs were in the making and saw good opportunity to actualize his own schemes. The decision to drop a second bomb at Nagasaki was not even made in Washington but it was made on Tinian Island. Grove was in an unusual hurry to make sure that the second atomic bomb was dropped before anybody else could decide otherwise. http://www. dannen. com/decision/handy. html Moreover, the second bomb primary target was Kokura but when the attack plane arrived there, the city was covered by a mass of cloud. Instead of the pilot turning back, and aborting the mission, they still went ahead and decided to attack Nagasaki, a town that was highly populated with civilians. http://www. dannen. com/decision/handy. html There are also well-supported views that Hiroshima bombing was a test. The bomb dropped there had been uranium, which had never been tested before. It was quite inhuman and high level of barbarism that the test was to be done at the expense of many lives. (Matin Z. ) American planes also distributed thousands of leaflets alerting the Japanese that unless they surrendered unconditionally the towns of Akita, Fukushima, Urawa, Iwakumi, Yawata Miyakorojo, Otaru, Imabaru and Saga,would be attacked by bombs. However these leaflets did not mention Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Nugata and Kokura. (Matin Z) So it is clearly evident that the American leaders who were responsible for attack did not intend to forewarn the civilians so that they could evacuate before the time of attack. The killings that resulted are not only high abuse of human rights against innocent civilians but also a cowardly act against a subdued enemy. (Matin Z. ) Both innocent women and children were not spared by this obliteration of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (M. Susan Lindee 13). In fact the Manhattan scientists who were working on the bomb were shocked when they were later informed that Japan had always been the target and not a deterrent to the German invasion. (M. Susan Lindee 13) The Military policy committee chaired by General Grove realized that Japan was a more convenient target for the bomb than Germany. This means that the bombing of Japan was not so much as a result of their aggressive activities but because they were convenient targets of testing some newly acquired weapons! (Martin J. S. 234) Furthermore Americans wanted to take control of Japan before Russia could control it. The Russians leaders had planned to invade Japan on 8 August 1945. So the coincidental bombing of Hiroshima two days before the planned date when Russia intended to invade Japan was suspicious. There is a wide specification that America attacked Japan to gain its control before Russia could achieve the same. However the intention of the second bomb that was pelted on Nagasaki is not very clear. (Matin Z. ) However President Truman cannot be blamed so much for the bomb attack on the two cities when he took over in April 12, 1945 after Roosevelt’s death, General Grove made it appear to President Truman as if Japan was always the Target for the bombs. http://www. dannen. com/decision/hst-jl25. html Grove was reluctant to discuss about the Manhattan Project with the chief of staff since he knew that he was opposed to the bombing of Japan. The General Marshal was of the view that the bomb could be used against military targets such as Naval establishments but not on cities. However General Grove overlooked all these well meaning advices to fulfill his self interest at the cost of hundred thousands of Japanese lives and a lot of property. (Matin Z. ) Conclusion The past cannot be erased but can serve as invaluable lesson and prepare us for the future. Even though the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki speeded up Japans decision to stop the war, it was not the major consideration that the Japanese leaders used. Therefore the use of the atomic bomb was excessive act since other strategies could have worked to coerce Japan to stop the war. After all, the Japanese were ready to surrender on condition that their emperor would still remain in authority. The bombings of Japan cities were not only immoral but they were a crime and genocide to the full extent. Works Cited Harry S.Truman, Diary, July 25, 1945: Retrieved on 9th April 2008 from http://www. dannen. com/decision/hst-jl25. html Gar Alperovitz: The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb: Random House, 1995. 34-38 Hogan, Michael J. : Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge University Press: 1996 M. Susan Lindee: Suffering Made Real: American Science and the Survivors at Hiroshima. University Of Chicago Press (1994) 12-14 Matin Zuberi: Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Journal): Retrieved on 9th April 2008 from http://www. ciaonet. org/olj/sa/sa_aug01zum01. html Martin J. Sherwin: A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and its Legacies, 2nd edition, Stanford University Press, (2003) 233-234. Official Bombing Order, July 25, 1945: Retrieved on 9th April 2008 from http://www. dannen. com/decision/handy. html Ogura, Toyofumi: Letters from the End of the World: A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima. Kodansha International Ltd 1948. P. M. S, Blackett: The Atomic Bomb: New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976. (66-70) John Francis Purcell, Best-Kept Secret: The Story of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Vanguard, 1963. 56-57

Examples for Sat Essay Topics Secrets

Examples for Sat Essay Topics Secrets There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. It's even worse when you need to submit several assignments at the exact same time. Provide all the first details, let us know about the deadline, and we'll begin making your paper to aid you in getting high grades. Even in the event the deadline is very tight, feel free to get hold of our managers. Choosing our service, you are going to see that studying can be simple if you gain from the aid of competent experts. Explain your commitments, and you are going to be the type of student colleges find immensely attractive. Sooner or later, students believe that it is crucial to find help when they need to compose essays. For example, some students are always concerned with the thought of finishing the work and so end up not doing the proper thing. The next thing to do is to cover the essay. You will need to use precise language to demonstrate mastery of English writing. Also, do not forget that the last prompt permits you to submit a present essay or even create your very own prompt. Obviously, there are instances as soon as your instructor may offer certain topics to work on or a set of topics from which you are able to choose. The issue is that the essays examples they obtain will likely be irrelevant to what they're doing. Informative essay writing is an art which each student should master. We've got expert writers that are waiting for you to request any evaluation essay topics or other forms of essays. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Read and carefully think about these perspectives. What Does Examples for Sat Essay Topics Mean? Since you may read articles from the exact same sources the SAT gets material from. SAT is most likely one of the most crucial tests that you'll ever take as a student. Sometimes this test is named SAT I. SAT is held seven times annually in the usa and four times in different countries of earth. The capacity to communicate with the expert also enables you to follow up on the advancement of the paper. The most important point is, you don't need to wait until you find the prompt to come up with an arsenal of kinds of argument-building techniques you may use to back up your points. Our customer support will gladly te ll you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. You may even be in a position to read examples from previous students to receive your creative juices flowing. The Nuiances of Examples for Sat Essay Topics You might not have time to spend with your buddies and family. When you read a story about food, most folks warm up and begin considering their very own favourite foods and household gatherings. Your stories aren't debatable. The essay could have a very bad outlook and contain a great deal of typographical errors. Consider your essay is limited with respect to word count. All the information that you need to compose your essay will be contained in the passage or in notes about it. Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you can want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. A common way of writing this sort of essay is the five-paragraph strategy. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. The primary aim of the SAT is to observe how well it's possible to analyze an author's argument. From time to time, a teacher comes across that 1 essay that's perfectly written, all of the way from the subject, to the structure and content.

Seaweed, Kelp and Other Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

Brown algae are  the largest, most complex type of marine algae and get their name from their brown, olive, or yellowish-brown color, which they get from the pigment  called  fucoxanthin.  Fucoxanthin is not found in other algae or plants like red or  green algae, and as a result, brown algae are in the Kingdom Chromista. Brown algae are often rooted to a stationary structure such as a rock, shell or dock by structures called holdfasts, although species in the genus Sargassum are free-floating. Many species of brown algae have air bladders which help the blades of the algae float toward the ocean surface, allowing for maximum sunlight absorption. Like other algae, the distribution of brown algae is broad, from tropical to polar zones, but brown algae can be found in intertidal zones, near coral reefs, and in deeper waters, with a NOAA study noting them at 165 feet in the Gulf of Mexico. Classification of Brown Algae The taxonomy of brown algae can be confusing, as brown algae can be classified into the Phylum Phaeophyta or Heterokontophyta, depending on what you read. Much information on the subject refers to brown algae as phaeophytes, but according to AlgaeBase, the brown algae are in the Phylum Heterokontophyta and Class Phaeophyceae. About 1,800 species of brown algae exist. The largest, also among the most well-known, is kelp. Other examples of brown algae include seaweeds in the genus Fucus commonly known as rockweed, or wracks, and the genus Sargassum, which form floating mats and are the most prominent species in the area known as the Sargasso Sea, which is in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. Kelp, Fucales, Dictyolaes, Ectocarpus, Durvillaea Antarctica, and Chordariales are all examples of brown algae, but each belongs to a different classification determined by individual attributes and features of each. Natural and Human Uses of Brown Algae Kelp and other brown algae provide a number of health benefits when consumed by both humans and animals alike; brown algae are eaten by herbivorous organisms such as fish, gastropods and sea urchins, and Benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms also utilize brown algae such as kelp when pieces of it sink to the sea floor to decompose. Humans find a variety of commercial uses for these marine organisms. Brown algae are used to produced alginates, which are used as food additives and in industrial manufacturing—common uses include food thickeners and fillers as well as stabilizers for the ionization process of batteries. According to some medical research, several chemicals found in brown algae can work as antioxidants, which are thought to prevent damage to the human body. Brown algae can also be used as a cancer suppressant as well as an anti-inflammatory and immunity booster.   These  algae provide not only food and commercial utility; they also provide valuable habitat for certain species of marine life as well as significantly offsetting carbon dioxide emissions through photosynthesis processes of certain populous species of kelp.